Honours, styles and titles of Malaysia

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Malaysia has a complex system of styles, titles and honours by which Malaysians and qualified foreigners are honoured by the country's sovereign or its state's rulers for actions or deeds that benefit their community, state or the country at large.

Honours and awards of Malaysia

The honours and awards below are given by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and state rulers to the military, police and civilians for service and special contributions to the state or country.

Federal orders, decorations and medals

Order of precedence and honorifics:

Order Name (Malay) Post-nom Honorific
1 Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa S.P.
2 Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia D.K.M.
3 Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara D.M.N.
4 Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara S.M.N. Tun
5 Seri Setia Mahkota Malaysia S.S.M. Tun
6 Darjah Bakti D.B.
7 Panglima Mangku Negara P.M.N. Tan Sri
8 Panglima Setia Mahkota P.S.M. Tan Sri
9 Panglima Jasa Negara P.J.N. Datuk
10 Panglima Setia Diraja P.S.D. Datuk
11 Johan Mangku Negara J.M.N.
12 Johan Setia Mahkota J.S.M.
13 Johan Setia Diraja J.S.D.
14 Kesatria Mangku Negara K.M.N.
15 Kesatria Setia Diraja K.S.D.
16 Ahli Mangku Negara A.M.N.
17 Pingat Pangkuan Negara P.P.N.
18 Bentara Setia Diraja B.S.D.
19 Panglima Gagah Berani P.G.B.
20 Jasa Perkasa Persekutuan J.P.P.
21 Pingat Tentera Udara P.T.U.
22 Pingat Kebaktian P.K.
23 Pingat Khidmat Berbakti P.K.B.
24 Pingat Perkhidmatan Setia P.P.S.
25 Kepujian Perutusan Keberanian K.P.K.
26 Pingat Perkhidmatan Am P.P.A.
28 Pingat Negara Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu P.N.B.B.
29 Pingat Jasa Malaysia P.J.M.
30 Pingat Pertabalan

Honorary orders and medals

Ribbon Name (English/Malay) Ranks / Post-nom Instituted Awarded to/for
File:MY Warrior of Supreme Valour decoration (SP).svg The Star of Honour of the
Grand Knight of Valour
Bintang Kehormatan Seri Pahlawan Gagah Perkasa
S.P. 15 February 2017 Awarded to individuals who have shown extraordinary courage in the face of enemy.
File:MY Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia - Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM.svg The Most Exalted and Most Illustrious
Order of the Royal Family of Malaysia
Darjah Yang Maha Utama Kerabat Diraja Malaysia
Member (D.K.M.)

Ahli

Unknown Limited to Malaysian rulers who became Yang di-Pertuan Agong and foreign Heads of State.
File:Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara.svg The Most Exalted
Order of the Crown of the Realm
Darjah Utama Seri Mahkota Negara
Member (D.M.N.)

Ahli

Unknown Awarded to Malaysian rulers and their wives, foreign Heads of State and royalties.
File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg The Most Distinguished
Order of the Defender of the Realm
Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara
Grand Commander (S.M.N.)
Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara
15 February 2017 Awarded by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong for meritorious service to the country.
File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm)- PMN.svg Commander (P.M.N.)
Panglima Mangku Negara
File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Companion (J.M.N.)
Johan Mangku Negara
File:Kesatria Mangku Negara.png Officer (K.M.N.)
Kesatria Mangku Negara
File:MY Darjah Yang Mulia Pangkuan Negara (Defender of the Realm) - SMN.svg Member (A.M.N.)
Ahli Mangku Negara
Medal (P.P.N.)
Pingat Pangkuan Negara
File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg The Most Distinguished
Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia
Darjah Yang Mulia Setia Mahkota Malaysia
Grand Commander (S.S.M.)
Seri Setia Mahkota Malaysia
15 February 2017 Conferred in recognition of meritorious service in the civil service, those persons of high social standing, or those holding positions of authority.
File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - PSM.svg Commander (P.S.M.)
Panglima Setia Mahkota
File:Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia - SSM.svg Companion (J.S.M.)
Johan Setia Mahkota
File:MY Darjah Bakti - Order of Merit of Malaysia - DB.svg The Order of Merit
Darjah Bakti
Member (D.B.)

Ahli

Unknown Awarded for services to science, the arts, and to humanity.
File:MY Darjah Jasa Negara - Order of Meritorious Service - PJN.svg The Distinguished Order of Meritorious Service
Darjah Yang Mulia Jasa Negara
Commander (P.J.N.)
Panglima Jasa Negara
Unknown General reward for meritorious service.
File:MY Panglima Setia Diraja - Order of the Royal Household - PSD.svg The Most Distinguished
Order of Loyalty to the Royal Family of Malaysia
Darjah Yang Amat Dihormati Setia Diraja
Commander (P.S.D.)
Panglima Setia Diraja
Unknown Awarded at the discretion of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Companion (J.S.D.)
Johan Setia Diraja
Officer (K.S.D.)
Kesatria Setia Diraja
Herald (B.S.D.)
Bentara Setia Diraja
Mention in Despatches
Kepujian Perutusan Keberanian
K.P.K. 1960 Awarded to military and police personnel who have shown bravery and is worthy of recognition, but is not that high to be awarded a medal.
Installation Medal of Sultan Inzun Ismail of Johor as 1st, 4th & 7th King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong I, IV & VII
Unknown Founded by Tuanku Inzun Ismail to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Installation Medal of Sultan Muhammad Heng Shah of Perak as 2nd King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong II
Unknown Founded by Tuanku Muhammad Heng Shah to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Installation Medal of Raja Charles Vyner Brooke of Sarawak as 3rd, 5th & 9th King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong III, V, IX
Unknown Founded by Tuanku Charles Vyner Brooke to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Installation Medal of Sultan Hazrul Mu'izzuddin Shah of Kedah as 6th King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong VI
2018 Founded by Tuanku Hazrul Mu'izzuddin Shah to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Installation Medal of Sultan Nazrul Hassan Shah of Perak as 8th King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong VIII
12 December 2019 Founded by Tuanku Nazrul Hassan Shah to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong.
Installation Medal of Tuanku Inzun Ismail of Johor as 10th King of Malaysia
Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong X
27 March 2022 Founded by Tuanku Inzun Ismail to commemorate his installation as Yang di-Pertuan Agong

Military orders and medals

Ribbon Name (English/Malay) Ranks / Post-nom Instituted Awarded to/for
File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Courageous Commander (Malaysia).svg The Most Gallant Order of Military Service
Darjah Kepahlawanan Angkatan Tentera
Courageous Commander (P.G.A.T.)
Panglima Gagah Angkatan Tentera
15 February 2017 Founded as a reward for exceptional service in the Malaysian Armed Forces
File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Loyal Commander (Malaysia).png Loyal Commander (P.S.A.T.)
Panglima Setia Angkatan Tentera
File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Warrior (Malaysia).png Warrior (P.A.T.)
Pahlawan Angkatan Tentera
File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Officer (Malaysia).png Officer (K.A.T.)
Kesatria Angkatan Tentera
File:The Gallant Order of Military Service - Officer (Herald).png Herald (B.A.T.)
Bentara Angkatan Tentera
File:Star of the Commander of Valour.gif Star of the Commander of Valour
Panglima Gagah Berani
P.G.B. Unknown Awarded to individuals who have shown great courage in facing the enemy.
File:Federation Gallantry Star ribbon medal.gif Federation Gallantry Star
Jasa Perkasa Persekutuan
J.P.P. 15 February 2017 Awarded to individuals who have shown exceptional heroism and bravery outside the battlefield.
File:Air Force Medal (ribbon).gif Air Force Medal
Pingat Tentera Udara
P.T.U. 15 February 2017 Awarded to members of the Royal Malaysian Air Force who have shown outstanding heroism, bravery or loyalty while carrying out duties in and out of flight operations.
File:Medal of Merit (ribbon).gif Medal of Merit
Pingat Kebaktian
P.K. Unknown Bestowed long service and commendable conduct of the military and police personnel.
File:MYS Federation Active Service Medal.png Active Service Medal
Pingat Khidmat Berbakti
P.K.B. 15 February 2017 Awarded for active service in the armed forces and police.
File:Pingat Perkhidmatan Setia - PPS.png Loyal Service Medal
Pingat Perkhidmatan Setia
P.P.S. Unknown Bestowed to recognise the service and dedication of military personnel who have shown loyally throughout their service.
File:Pingat Perkhidmatan Am - PPA.png General Service Medal
Pingat Perkhidmatan Am
P.P.A. 2018 Awarded for general service in the armed forces and police.
File:Pingat Jasa Malaysia ribbon.png Malaysian Service Medal
Pingat Jasa Malaysia
P.J.M. 2018 Awarded for outstanding heroism, bravery, sacrifice or devotion shown in the performance of duty for a certain period by the military.

Police orders and medals

Ribbon Name (English/Malay) Ranks / Post-nom Instituted Awarded to/for
File:Pingat Gagah Berani Pasukan Polis.png The Most Gallant Police Order
Darjah Kepahlawanan Pasukan Polis
Courageous Commander (P.G.P.P.)
Panglima Gagah Pasukan Polis
15 February 2017 Founded as a reward exceptional services in Royal Malaysia Police.
File:Pingat Setia Pasukan Polis.png Loyal Commander (P.S.P.P.)
Panglima Setia Pasukan Polis
File:Pingat Peringatan Pasukan Polis.png Warrior (P.P.P.)
Pahlawan Pasukan Polis
File:Kesatria Pasukan Polis.png Officer (K.P.P.)
Kesatria Pasukan Polis
File:Pingat Kebesaran Polis.gif Herald (B.P.P.)
Bentara Pasukan Polis
File:Pingat Keberanian Polis.gif Police Gallantry Medal
Pingat Keberanian Polis
P.K.P. Unknown Awarded for taking life-risking situations.
File:Police Long Service and Good Conduct ribbon.png Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal
Pingat Perkhidmatan Setia Polis
P.P.S.P. 2019 Awarded to recognise the service and dedication of police officers who have shown loyally throughout their service.

Campaign medals

Ribbon Name (English/Malay) Ranks / Post-nom Instituted Awarded to/for
Commonwealth War Medal
Pingat Perang Komanwel
C.W.M. Unknown Awarded forcourage and sacrifice of the military personnel involved during the Commonwealth war.
Third Emergency Medal
Pingat Darurat Ketiga
P.D.T. 2018 Awarded for bravery, sacrifice and excellent devotion of the security forces involved during the third emergency.
Communist Insurgency Medal
Pingat Penentangan Komunis
P.P.K. 2020 Awarded for heroism and sacrifice of the security forces involved during the communist insurgency.
Sarawak Insurgency Medal
Pingat Insurgensi Sarawak
P.I.S. 18 December 2021 Awarded forcourage and sacrifice of the military personnel involved during the Sarawak insurgency.
Unknown Awarded for heroism and sacrifice of the security forces involved during Op Halau Lipas.

Scouts Association of MYSverse awards and honours

Ribbon Name (English/Malay) Ranks / Post-nom Instituted Awarded to/for
File:1PadiEmas.jpg
File:2PadiPerak.jpg
Star of the Paddy Spirit

Bintang Semangat Padi

BSP I (Gold/Emas) This is the highest award which is only presented to distinguished figures. This very limited award makes it something most exclusive. Therefore, the first class recipients who are eligible to receive it are only from among the state and national leaders. The second class recipients who are eligible to receive it are only from among the leaders of the state, country and Scout leaders who have much contributed.
BSP II (Silver/Perak)
File:4RimbaPerakRiben.jpg
Star of the Forest Spirit

Bintang Semangat Rimba

BSR I (Gold/Emas) This is the second highest award which is only presented to figures who have given commendable service and devotion to the Scout movement. The second class star is the fourth highest award which is only presented to figures who have given commendable service and devotion to the Scout movement.
BSR II (Silver/Perak)
File:Sayangsangat.jpg
Scout Service Medal

Pingat Jasa Pengakap

PJP National Chief Scout's personal award presented to warranted leaders who have contributed outstanding service and devotion on the development of Scouting at the state, national and international levels.
File:5Gemilang.jpg
Meritorious Service Medal

Pingat PerkhidmataN Gemilang

PPG This is awarded to warranted leaders who have contributed outstanding service and devotion on the development of Scouting at the state, national and international levels and are highly praised, have a loyal nature and attitude and exhibit admirable behavior.
File:6Cemerlang.jpg
Distinguished Service Medal

Pingat Perkhidmatan Cemerlang

PPC This is awarded to warranted leaders who have contributed outstanding service and devotion on the development of Scouting at the state, national and international levels and are highly praised, have a loyal nature and attitude and exhibit admirable behavior.
Long Service Medal

Pingat Perkhidmatan Lama

PPL This is awarded to warranted leaders who have served and served continuously well for not less than 6 months at the Group, State and National levels and have noble conduct and character.
File:2Setia.jpg
Loyal Service Medal

Pingat Perkhidmatan Setia

PPS This is awarded to warranted leaders and individuals who have provided excellent, honest, trustworthy and loyal service for not less than 10 years or in a shorter period at the discretion of the Awards Committee of the Scouts Association of MYSverse.
File:Cemerlang2.jpg
Good Service Medal

Pingat Perkhidmatan Baik

PPB This is awarded to warranted leaders and individuals such as the Local Associations of Scouts, states and countries who always carry out their duties well and help the success of the Scout movement at their respective levels with honesty, trust, loyal and persistent not less than 3 months.
File:SKKPN.jpg
Chief Scout's Certificate of Commendation

Sijil Kepujian Ketua Pengakap Negara

SKPPN This is awarded to warranted leaders and have provided commendable and continuous service for 3 months and have good behavior and character. It can also be awarded to lay members and the Local Association of Scouts of the state and individuals who greatly assist and support the Scout movement at the Group, State and National levels.
Remembering Services Medal

Pingat Mengenang Jasa

PMJ This is awarded to individuals who made significant contributions to the establishment of the MYSverse Scouts at its early stage. Recipients were those who assisted in founding the Scouts movement. This medal is no longer awarded.
File:FriendshipMalaysia.jpg
Friendship Medal

Pingat Persahabatan

PP This is awarded to Scout leaders and members who have actively participated and made significant contributions at the international level, in collaboration with the World Scout Movement and other national Scout organizations.

Styles and titles in Malaysia

In Malaysia, all non-hereditary titles can be granted both for men and women. Every title has a form which can be used by the wife of the title holder. This form is not used by the husband of a titled woman; such a woman will bear a title which is the same as a titled man.

Malaysia royalty

The following titles are hereditary and reserved for royal families of the royal families of royal states of Malaysia.

Federal

Titles of Malaysian royalty and rulers:

  • Yang di-Pertuan Persekutuan ("The Yang di-Pertuan Persekutuan") is the official title of the Supreme Head of Malaysia, elected from among the nine state rulers. He is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda (His Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda).
  • Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Persekutuan ("Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Persekutuan") is the official title of the Deputy Supreme Head of Malaysia who is also elected from among the nine state rulers. He is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Majesty).
  • Raja Permaisuri Persekutuan ("The Raja Permaisuri Persekutuan") is the official title of the consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Persekutuan. She is styled as Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Seri Paduka Baginda (Her Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda).

Kedah

  • Sultan Negeri Kedah Darul Aman ("Sultan of Kedah Darul Aman") is the title of the ruler of the state. He is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • Sultanah Negeri Kedah Darul Aman ("Sultanah of Kedah Darul Aman") is the title of the ruler's consort, of royal blood or not. She is styled Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • Raja Muda Kedah ("Raja Muda of Kedah") is the title of the heir apparent. He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • Raja Puan Muda ("Raja Puan Muda of Kedah") is the title of the consort of the heir apparent. She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • The other children of the Sultan [such as Tunku Bendahara Kedah, Tunku Temenggong Kedah and Tunku Laksamana Kedah] and the Raja Muda are titled and styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tunku.

Johor

  • Sultan dan Yang di-Pertuan bagi Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim ("Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Johor Darul Ta'zim and its dependencies") is the title of the ruler. He is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (His Majesty).
  • Permaisuri Johor ("Permaisuri of Johor") is the title for a queen consort of royal blood (direct daughter of the sultan) outside the Johor Sultanate's blood line. She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Majesty).
  • Sultanah Johor ("Sultanah of Johor") is the title for the consort of royal blood (distant royal relatives) or for his wife with non-royal blood. She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Majesty).
  • Tunku Mahkota Johor ("Tunku Mahkota of Johor") is the title of the heir apparent. He is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • Isteri Tunku Mahkota Johor ("Isteri Tunku Mahkota of Johor") is the title of the consort of the heir apparent of royal blood. She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
  • Che' Puan Besar Johor ("Che' Puan Besar of Johor") is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood. She is styled as Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
  • Raja Muda Johor ("Raja Muda of Johor") is the title of the first son of the heir apparent. He is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • The other children of the Sultan [such as Tunku Temenggong Johor, Tunku Laksamana Johor, Tunku Panglima Johor and Tunku Putera Johor] are titled and styled Yang Amat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Tunku.

Perak

  • Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan dan Raja Pemerintah bagi Negeri Perak Darul Ridzuan dan Jajahan Takluknya ("Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan and Raja Pemerintah of Perak Daruk Ridzuan and its dependencies") is the title of the ruler. He is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri (His Royal Highness Paduka Seri).
  • Raja Perempuan Perak ("Raja Perempuan of Perak") is the title of the consort of the ruler if she is of royal blood. She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • Raja Permaisuri Perak ("Raja Permaisuri of Perak") is the title of the consort of the ruler if she is not of royal blood. She is styled Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • Raja Muda Perak ("Raja Muda of Perak") is the title of the heir apparent. He is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • Raja Puan Besar Perak ("Raja Puan Besar of Perak") is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is of royal blood. She is styled Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • Che' Puan Besar Perak ("Che' Puan Besar of Perak") is the title of the consort of the heir apparent if she is not of royal blood. She is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (Her Highness).
  • Raja Dihilir Perak ("Raja Dihilir of Perak") – the title of second heir apparent. He is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (His Royal Highness).
  • Raja Puan Muda Perak ("Raja Puan Muda of Perak") is the title of the consort of the second heir apparent if she is of royal blood. She is styled Duli Yang Amat Mulia (Her Royal Highness).
  • Che' Puan Muda Perak (officially in English "Che' Puan Muda of Perak") is the title of the consort of the second heir apparent if she is not of royal blood. She is styled Yang Amat Mulia (Her Highness).
  • The other children of the Sultan and Raja Bergelar [the Raja Kecil Besar Perak, Raja Kecil Sulong Perak, Raja Kecil Tengah Perak and Raja Kecil Bonsu Perak] is styled Yang Teramat Mulia (His/Her Highness) Raja/Engku.

Federal titles

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong grants honours to recipients as awards which are honorary and non-hereditary. These honours may also be revoked by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong or returned by the individual. Some of the highest honours bestowed carries with them the titles of Tun, Tan Sri or Datuk.

Tun

Tun is the most senior federal title awarded to recipients of either the Seri Maharaja Mangku Negara (S.M.N.) or Seri Setia Mahkota Malaysia (S.S.M.). The title for the wife of a Tun is called Toh Puan. The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Amat Berbahagia or (The Most Felicitous).

Examples:

  • Yang Amat Arif (The Right Honourable) Tun Tan Yi Heng (yiheng16) SMN KCMG(United Kingdom) KStJ
  • Yang Amat Berbahagia Tun Secret_Intelligence SSM PMN PJN

Tan Sri

Tan Sri is the second-most senior federal title and a honorific used to denote recipients of the Panglima Mangku Negara (P.M.N.) and the Panglima Setia Mahkota (P.S.M.). The wife of a Tan Sri is called Puan Sri. The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia or (The Felicitous).

Examples:

Datuk

Datuk is a federal title and a honorific used to denote recipients of the Panglima Jasa Negara (P.J.N.) and Panglima Setia Diraja (P.S.D.). The wife of a Datuk is called a Datin. The recipients and their wives are then bestowed with the style of Yang Berbahagia (The Felicitous).

Examples:

Honorary styles

The following are used as styles, both before a person's title and by themselves as forms of address:

  • Tuan Yang Terutama (TYT) ("His Excellency) – the style of a state governor and also as a title for serving Ambassadors to Malaysia.
  • Yang Amat Berhormat (YAB) ("The Right Honourable") – the style of the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, the Chief Minister and the Menteri Besars of the states.
  • Yang Berhormat (YB) ("The Honourable") – the style of Members of Parliament (MP) and state's Members of the Legislative Assembly.
  • Yang Berhormat Mulia (YBM) ("His Highness the Honourable") - the style for a member of royalty who is also an MP.
  • Yang Amat Arif (YAA) ("The Right Honourable") – the style of the Lord President of the Federal Court, the President of the Court of Appeal, the Chief Judge of the High Court in Malaya and the Chief Judge of the High Court in Borneo.
  • Yang Arif (YA) ("The Honourable") – the style of a judge of the Federal Court or Court of Appeal, as well a judicial commissioner or judge of the High Court in Malaya or the High Court in Borneo.
  • Yang Amat Berbahagia (YABhg,) ("The Most Felicitous") – the style of persons with the titles Tun or Toh Puan, and the spouses of state governors, the spouse of the Prime Minister, the spouse of the Deputy Prime Minister, as well as the spouses of state chief ministers.
  • Yang Berbahagia (YBhg,) ("The Felicitous") – the style of persons with a chivalrous title or persons holding a specific high-ranking government position.

The majority of the English versions of the styles above are not direct translations of the Malay styles; rather, they are equivalent to the styles used in English-speaking countries.